![]() ![]() In 1777, at the age of 19, he went to Strasbourg to study medicine under Jean Hermann. ![]() Gall received his first education from his uncle, a catholic priest, and further education in schools at Baden and Bruchsal. Both he and his wife, Anna Maria Billingerin, were devout Roman Catholics. He was a modest merchant and sometimes mayor in the village of Tiefenbronn on the outskirts of the Black Forest. Thus the basic thesis of phrenology was disproved.Īs a medical scientist Gall is recognized as the first to identify the grey matter of the brain with active tissue – neurons - and the white matter with conducting tissue - ganglia.įranz Joseph Gall's father was of Italian extraction and his original name was Gallo. It was soon also proved, however, that, as the thickness of the skull varies, the surface of the cranium does not reflect the topography of the brain. This concept was proved correct when the French surgeon Paul Broca demonstrated the existence of a speech centre in the brain in 1861. His development of the pseudoscience of craniology, later known as phrenology, has long been abandoned as a “science”, but played an important role as a precursor to modern doctrines of brain localizations. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453.Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.Franz Joseph Gall is rightfully recognized as a great anatomist, pioneering the concepts of localized functions in the brain. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395. Gall stereographic parameters are as follows:īugayevskiy, L. Some distortion properties are not maintained when an ellipsoid is used. For an ellipsoid, the semimajor axis is used for the radius. Gall stereographic is supported on spheres only. This projection can be used for general world maps not requiring accurate areas, and its phenomena change with longitude, although its use is not recommended due to extreme distortion in polar regions. Along any given latitude, distortion values are constant. Distortion increases away from the standard parallels, and it is extreme at the polar regions. The projection has correct scale and no distortion along the standard parallels at 45° north and south. Shapes, areas, distances, directions, and angles are all generally distorted. The Gall stereographic projection is neither conformal nor equal-area. The graticule is symmetric across the equator and the central meridian. The spacing between the parallels increases from the equator to the poles. The parallels and both poles are straight lines, perpendicular to meridians and the same length as the projected equator. The meridians are equally spaced straight lines. Gall stereographic is a cylindric projection. The subsections below describe the Gall stereographic projection properties. The Gall stereographic projection centered on Greenwich is shown. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 and later and in ArcGIS Desktop 8.0 and later. This projection was introduced by James Gall in 1855. It can be constructed geometrically by projecting the globe onto a secant cylinder from the point on the equator opposite the given central meridian. ![]() The projection is a special case of the perspective cylindrical projection with the perspective ratio of 1 and the standard parallel at 45°. The Gall stereographic projection is a cylindrical map projection with two standard parallels at latitudes 45° north and south. ![]()
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